Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which are the airways that carry air to and from the lungs. This condition is characterized by persistent cough and mucus production, lasting for at least three months a year over two consecutive years. The inflammation of the bronchial tubes leads to increased mucus production and thickening of the airway walls, which obstructs airflow and makes breathing difficult. Symptoms include a chronic cough that produces mucus (often referred to as "productive cough"), wheezing, shortness of breath, and a feeling of chest tightness. The condition is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which also includes emphysema. The primary cause of chronic bronchitis is long-term exposure to irritants that damage the bronchial tubes, with cigarette smoking being the most significant risk factor. Other causes include exposure to air pollution, dust, chemical fumes, and other environmental pollutants. Repeated respiratory infections can also contribute to the development of chronic bronchitis.
Treatment for chronic bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms, improving lung function, and preventing further damage. The cornerstone of treatment is smoking cessation for those who smoke, as quitting smoking can slow disease progression and improve symptoms. Medications such as bronchodilators, which help open the airways, and corticosteroids, which reduce inflammation, may be prescribed to manage symptoms. Inhaled medications, such as long-acting beta-agonists or anticholinergics, can also be used to improve airflow. Pulmonary rehabilitation, including exercise training and education, can enhance lung function and quality of life. In some cases, oxygen therapy may be needed for individuals with severe lung impairment. Regular medical check-ups are essential to monitor the condition and adjust treatment as needed.
